i mean, how do people get brain cancer?
Posts Tagged ‘Causes’
Chemotherapy causes a chemical taste in mouth – any suggestions to help lessen this?
Posted by admin on May 10th, 2011
My sister has received three out of eight tx’s so far and the taste in her mouth is nauseating to her. She brushes her teeth all the time but it makes her mouth sore and she is dealing with mouth sores already, another side effect.
Just a comment – I am overwhelmed by your great and helpful responses. I don’t know how I can choose just one. To each and every one of you I am inspired by your courage. As a mother my heart goes out to you, Panda. I am so happy and encouraged that all of you have survivor stories. I have nothing but admiration for you and wish you a healthy 2007.
Posted in Chemotherapy Recovery 
Tags: Causes, chemical, Chemotherapy, Help, Lessen, mouth, Suggestions, Taste, This 
11 Comments »Why would radiation (Chemo) be a treatment option for cancer, if radiation causes cancer in the first place?
Posted by admin on April 29th, 2011
Radiation can cause lymphoma and leukemia.
What causes cancer and what causes it to spread?
Posted by admin on April 23rd, 2011
I don’t see how cancer can just grow and grow without the body being aware of it, technically speaking the human body should have evolved to compensate if we have had it for thousands of years which leads me to a logical conclusion; it is a fairly recent health problem with humans.
How does it spread too? It makes no sense for it to just ’spread’, it isnt a virus or anything.
Half of these terms I do not understand, are these terms loose terms for the public and is there a more detailed explanation as to how cancer works?
How much cancer is caused by genetics, by environmental, by other causes or a combination of factors?
Posted by admin on April 21st, 2011
I’ve heard that mesothemiola though caused by asbestos, pretty much only occurs in smokers. Meanwhile my step-mom, her sister, father, mother and son have all had cancer and non were smokers.
Are some people pretty much immune to cancer unless they are exposed to severe carcinogens?
Posted in Chemotherapy Recovery Tags: CANCER, Caused, Causes, Combination, environmental, Factors, genetics, much 3 Comments »Smoking Causes Lung Cancer
Posted by admin on March 23rd, 2011
Every ending comes from a beginning. The same is the case when it comes to human respiratory health. Indeed, what gets in to your system will most definitely determine what goes out. This means that if you begin smoking deadly cigarettes, your lung will ingest the garbage that can conjure lung cancer. After that, tragedy follows.
This is a known fact for people all over the world. Sadly, not too many people seem to pay much attention to this truth. This is the very reason why people continue smoking even though they know that it may lead to such a deadly disease. Most of the time, this is due to their lack of insight on how the whole deterioration process really works. If you are one of these people, but you want to know the details behind this general knowledge, then you better read on. It’s time for you to discover how and why smoking is really the rot that bears the lung cancer fruit.
At first, a person just puffs a cigarette and smokes for no reason at all. During this process, the body absorbs the nicotine found in most cigarettes, as well as the other ingredients found in cigarettes. What they may not know is that cigarettes do not just consist of nicotine. It also consist of dried leaves and herbs which may prove harmless at first, but cause far more devastating effects when burned. Upon burning carcinogens are produced and go directly into the lungs.
These carcinogens are not released from the lungs, once they enter the system. They are not excreted through respiration, urination or defecation. As such, every stick of cigarette smoked can add up to the amount of carcinogen in the lungs. Once enough carcinogens are accumulated inside the lungs, the deterioration process begins. The lung starts to degenerate and respiratory dysfunction starts to take place. It will stay at this stage for a certain time span; depending on how hooked a person is on the habit.
This stage is not noticeable at first, especially when lung cancer is still in its curable stage. However, once the symptoms become obvious, the cancer starts to spread faster. Before you know it, your lungs will almost be completely consumed by the killer disease. Finally, when the cancer spreads, the lungs will start to stop processing the oxygen you breathe in. When this happens, fatal results may just be around the corner.
Now that you know these details, you may start to look at smoking and lung cancer’s connection with more prudence and thought. This should inspire you to quit smoking as soon as possible. The younger you do so, the better this will be for your health. This has been proven by studies all over the world. Kill the root of health cancer to free yourself from the tragedy of its fruit. It may be hard especially if you are a smoker… but it certainly isn’t impossible to do.
Cancer Causes and Types and Symptoms and Natural Home Remedies for Cancer Treatment
Posted by admin on March 21st, 2011
Cancer means the growth of a useless and shapeless tumor; in the body which cannot be contained. If a lump or tumor is formed any where in the body and grows rapidly and if operated upon, recurs at another place, it is nothing but cancer. This causes decay in the body, the tumor keeps on growing and can burst at times. Early detection is not easy because the patient does not feel any inconvenience in the beginning and ultimately when it is detected it is at such an advanced stage that it becomes incurable and it is difficult to save the patient. It is such a fatal disease that when the patient comes to know that he has developed cancer he is scared to death. Bur if it is detected at an early stage it is possible to save the patient.
Read more on Home Remedies for Acne and Home Remedies for Cough and Home Remedies for Diabetes
Common Types of Cancer
Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men and women. Over one million cases are diagnosed each year, with more young people having skin cancer than ever before. The most common types of cancer in the United States based on frequency of diagnosis are:
1. Bladder cancer
2. Breast cancer
3. Colon cancer
4. Endometrial cancer
5. Kidney cancer (renal cell)
6. Leukemia
7. Lung cancer
8. Melanoma
9. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
10. Pancreatic cancer
11. Prostate cancer
12. Thyroid cancer
Risk Factor of Cancer
These are the most common risk factors for cancer:
1. Growing older
2. Tobacco
3. Sunlight
4. Ionizing radiation
5. Certain chemicals and other substances
6. Some viruses and bacteria
7. Certain hormones
8. Family history of cancer
Symptoms of Cancer
1. Difficulty in swallowing food and continuous indigestion.
2. Continuous cough, hoarse voice or bad throat.
3. Malfunctioning of intestines, continuous constipation and loose motions.
4. Pain or change of color in any speck, wart or keloid.
5. Unexpected loss of weight and strength and aversion to food.
Home Remedies for Cancer
1. Grapes: Grapes contain a compound called as proanthocyanidins that reduce the body’s estrogen production. This leads to effective treatment of lung, prostrate, colon and breast cancer.
2. Ginseng: This herb ginseng, helps in building resistance, and fights the body off infectious agents.
3. Myrrh: Myrrh is an herb having wide range of properties as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal. It is a good home remedy for treatment for all kinds of cancer.
4. Green Tea: Prepare herbal green tea by boiling some amount in a glass of water till it reduces to half. This has anti-inflammatory properties and is very effective against breast, prostate, liver, pancreatic and skin cancer.
5. Juicing: It is an established fact that juices are rich source of vitamins and nutrients. Freshly obtained juice from fruits like apple, banana, mango, cherries etc must be given to the cancer patients in a routine manner. This aids in boosting the immune system of the individual making them strong enough to fight the incoming pathogens.
6. Aloe Vera: This herb can be consumed raw in the form of jelly. It is effective against prostate and lung cancer.
7. Lycopene: According to the American Dietetic Association, Lycopene is found in abundant quantities in tomato, guava, papaya, grapes, apricot, watermelon etc. These anti-oxidant compounds are more effective then carotenoids in removal of free radicals that stimulate cell division. Lycopene is effective in treatment of prostate, lung, stomach cancers.
Ovarian Cancer – Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Posted by admin on March 20th, 2011
Ovarian cancer is cancer that begins in the ovaries. Ovaries are reproductive glands found only in women. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) for reproduction. The eggs travel through the fallopian tubes into the uterus where the fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. The ovaries are also the main source of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. One ovary is located on each side of the uterus in the pelvis.
Causes of Ovarian Cancer
Women who have not had children are slightly more likely to develop ovarian cancer than women who have, although the risk is still very low. Having two or more children may provide more protection than just one.
Breast feeding your children may slightly decrease your risk.
Starting your periods early or having a late menopause slightly increases your risk of ovarian cancer.
If a woman has ovarian cancer and her daughter develops ovarian cancer, the daughter will probably develop the cancer at a relatively young age (younger than 60 years).
Family history: A woman’s risk for developing ovarian cancer increases if she has a first degree relative (like sister, mother, grandmother) that suffered from ovarian cancer. The risks do not necessarily increase because of a family history ovarian cancer – but when the inherited genetic mutations are present. However, a woman’s risk for ovarian cancer can be tied to a family history of breast or colon cancer. Also the risk for ovarian cancer is indirectly proportional with the age of the relative that suffered from ovarian cancer.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Early stage ovarian cancer may not cause many symptoms, or they may be vague and overlooked. In addition, vague abdominal or pelvic symptoms are most often NOT caused by cancer. If they go away within a few days to a week, they may simply be intestinal disturbances due to something you ate or a viral infection.
Abdominal/pelvic discomfort or pressure
Back or leg pain
Bloating
Changes in bowel function or urinary frequency
Germ Cell Tumors — Ovarian germ cell tumors develop from cells that produce the ova or eggs. Most germ cell tumors are benign, although some are cancerous and may be life-threatening. The most common germ cell malignancies are maturing teratomas, dysgerminomas and endodermal sinus tumors. Teenagers and women in their 20s are most often diagnosed with germ cell malignancies. Before combination chemotherapy was available as a treatment, the most aggressive of these tumors — the GNP abnormal sinus tumor — was associated with a one-year disease-free survival rate of only 10 percent to 19 percent, even though 70 percent of these tumors were diagnosed very early. Today, however, 90 percent of women with ovarian germ cell malignancies can be cured and their fertility preserved.
Treatments for Ovarian Cancer
Surgery is the preferred treatment and is often needed to diagnose ovarian cancer.
Studies have shown that surgery performed by a specialist in gynecologic oncology results in a higher cure rate.
Chemotherapy is used as after surgery to treat any remaining disease. Chemotherapy can also be used if the cancer comes back.
what are the causes of breast cancer for the women, if not from the genes?
Posted by admin on March 19th, 2011
My sister- in- law survived from breast cancer 3 yrs ago, but she got no idea where she got it. They dont even have a history of any type of cancer in teh family. Today My Mom, sufferring from cancer to the cervix, we dont ahve any cancer history in the whole family. I dont like to have cancer like them, but I am always thinking that no body is safe from cancer. Esp breast cancer.
Causes and treatments of CMV retinitis
Posted by admin on March 14th, 2011
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is an eye disease that closely relates to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). CMV retinitis always invades the retina and affects the light-sensitive receptors, leading to acuity reduction and womens vision decrease. Without proper treatment, a detached retina and blindness can be caused within two to six months.
Statistics show that 80% of adults can protect themselves from the danger of CMV, which is a common virus. It is widely known that people with AIDS have ineffective immune system, so that they can not fight against CMV. In the past, CMV retinitis bothered a quarter of AIDS patients, while now the number has been lowered to 5%, due to the use of potent combination of drugs.
CMV can also be found on people with weakened or suppressed immune system at a lower rate. For example, these individuals who are undergoing chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant also have fewer antibodies to CMV.
Untreated CMV retinitis can lead to vision loss by damaging the macula. Currently, there are a huge number of researchers that are searching out the progression of CMV retinitis, involving mechanisms of cell death. Present results show that CMV starts at the outer layer of the retina, and then invades deeper layers.
For CMV retinitis treatment, AIDS patients should visit a retina specialist every two to four weeks for primary disease control. During the following days, regular doctor’s visit every three months is enough.
The most thorough treatment is the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which cures CMV retinitis from its root by suppressing the HIV. HAART can improve your immune system within a short period, which in turn controls the development of CMV retinitis. Certain patients may abnormally react to HAART and develop immune recovery uveitis, which is a severe inflammation.
There are also drugs to deal with CMV retinitis directly, including ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir. Ganciclovir is available in forms of pill, intravenous infusion and intravitreal implant named Vitrasert. With unavoidable side effects, all these drugs are capable of slowing down CMV progression.
Article Source:http://vision.firmoo.com/eye-diseases/causes-and-treatments-of-cmv-retinitis.html
Eye Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Types and Treatments
Posted by admin on March 13th, 2011
Eye cancer refers to a cancerous growth in any part of the eye. Cancer can form in and around tissues of the eye. Eye is a very sensitive part of the body and cancer can be caused within through environment factor or certain objects that directly affects to eye. Some of the factors that cause eye cancer include infections from cruel swelling of melanocytes in the outer layer of the skin, lower layer of the skin or attachments of an organ. Normally, it may occur in the skin, bowel, and eye. Even though the precise cause of eye cancer in not known, family history of a specific eye cancer can lead to cancer among family members. Eye treatments can prevent the eye strength from decreasing and also prevent eye diseases from spreading.
Eye cancers are generally formed due to the abnormal growth of cells in and around the eyes. Causes of eye cancer include genetics, color of eye, exposure to unnecessary sunlight and a variety of other factors. Common causes for eye cancer include sun, wind, sitting in front of computer screen for long time period of time. Family inheritance of cancer plays a significant part and can make cancer apparent in any member of the family. Spots appearing in the eyes are considered as main cause of eye cancer of the melanoma type. People having the eye colors of grey, green and blue are more prone to melanoma of the eyes. People who are exposed to strong sunlight for long periods of time are prone to eye cancer. Large number of moles could lead either to skin cancer or to eye cancer.
Symptoms of eye cancer are based on the type of eye cancers and related varying levels of severity. Normally, eye cancer can occur in any age, but is most apparent in adults. Eye cancer can occur in children with retinoblastoma type of eye cancer. Symptoms of eye cancer in children include: a white pupil, different colored pupil in eye like red with other variations. Symptoms of eye cancer directly attack on the person’s vision and make him or her completely blind. Symptoms can differ in both, adults and children. Symptoms for eye cancer in adults include red and painful eyes, spots in vision area, losses in the periphery area, and changes in color of the iris.
Retinoblastoma and melanoma are two types of eye cancer. Intraocular and extraocular both are eye cancer diseases. Retinoblastoma can be classified as intraocular and extraocular and can affect with varying degree of inflammations. Intraocular cancer is an infection in which cancer cells appear in the tissues of the eye. Secondary intraocular cancers are serious cancers that start somewhere else and then spread to the eye. Melanoma is a malignant cancer of melanocytes.
Intraocular melanoma is caused through malignant cells that arise in part of the eye called the uvea. Uvea is the vascular tunic of eye and consists of the iris; ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes, and choroid. Treatment of intraocular melanoma depends on the size and location of the swelling and whether cancer has spread from other organs. The main goal in treating intraocular melanoma is to reduce the risk of tumor from spreading and to maintain the health and vision of the person’s eye. Alternative treatments for eye cancer include reducing alcohol intake, exercises, stress management, massage therapy, eating green leafy vegetables, and fruit juices that help to reduce some of the disease related symptoms. Natural remedies as well as home remedies can also play an important role to prevent eye cancer. Herbal remedies are a safe and gentle way to treat infections like eye strain, itchy eye, redness of the eyes and other eye related disease. There is no reliable method of treating eye cancers other than surgery. Home treatments, laser therapy, and radiotherapy are the standard treatments for eye cancer.
Information on Cancer Symptoms and Causes
Posted by admin on March 11th, 2011
Cancer can be explained in simple terms as a destructive growth or tumor, as a result of uncontrolled and abnormal division of cells. Cancer is associated with those who are elderly. It’s a fact that over sixty percent of deaths related to cancer occur in people who are sixty five years of age and above. Cancer can strike people of all age groups and has the potential of developing in almost any organ of the body. The symptoms of cancer are not specific and thus prior information on cancer can be of great help in preparing one to be on the lookout for signs and symptoms, and also treatment and prevention of the disease. Among many other causes of cancer, genetic factors as well as introduction of carcinogens into the body are but to name some. Carcinogens like asbestos, tobacco, cosmetics, perfumes, talc, preservatives and artificial food colors are among a long list of potential cancer causing agents.
There are no specific symptoms of cancer. Detection signs or symptoms are totally dependent on cancer screening procedures. The symptoms normally depend on the location of cancer, its size and the effect it has on organ or structure. Some types of cancers spread from one part of the body and display symptoms in a totally different location in the body. But in a critical organ like the brain, a small tumor can present symptoms of cancer at an early stage. In some cases, cancer develops in one part of the body without displaying any apparent signs until it reaches an advanced stage. A classic example of such types is pancreatic cancer. It develops to a limited size that evades detection from outside the body and shows symptoms only at an advanced stage. Prior knowledge and information on cancer can be of great help in treatment of such cases.
There is no definite cure for cancer. Some experts argue that cancer is not a disease but a defense mechanism adapted by the body for its very survival but a majority of medical professionals describes cancer as a deadly disease. As such, the best way to deal with this disease is to take measures that render protection against cancer and get updated on ways leading to early detection. One can achieve this by collecting information on cancer from cancer treatment centers which help in throwing light on the various screening tests available to detect the disease and get proper treatment before it’s too late. A good step towards prevention of cancer is to refrain oneself from potential causes of cancer such as exposure to direct sunlight (to avoid harmful rays), engage in health activities like exercise, avoid access alcohol intake, limit smoking.
Researchers and scientists have made great breakthroughs and advancements in cancer treatments. Treatment of cancer consists of medications that often carry lethal side effects. Chemo therapy and radiation therapy are classic examples as patients undergo great agony due to side effects of such therapies. Due to similar side effects of cancer treatment, safer forms of alternative treatments are often sought after by those affected. Natural cancer treatments are a popular choice in this direction as they have minimal or no side effects. Besides, natural treatments also help in boosting the immune system and promote healing. A healthy diet is a part of natural treatment and can consist of fresh vegetables and fruits, avoiding fast foods, eating only homemade food, and appropriate exercise. Due to the serious nature of the disease, cancer patients often face anxiety. The underlying fear of the disease can cause depression, breathlessness or tiredness. This can be alleviated by talking to family, friends, a counselor or a specialist.
What Are The Most Common Causes of Fatigue?
Posted by admin on March 9th, 2011
Knowing the most common causes of fatigue can help you to figure out what is standing in your way of great health and vitality. What are they? And what impact does this have on your health? Find out here.
What are the most common causes of fatigue today? First of all, let’s define what is fatigue? Fatigue has been described as a state of exhaustion, tiredness, or lethargy. It can be either physical or mental, or a combination of both. It is not the same as drowsiness, which is a tendency to fall asleep, although you may be fatigued and drowsy at the same time. Fatigue is pretty common nowadays. Most of us have experienced it at some point in our life, and we can manage it, but for some of us , fatigue interferes with our normal quality of life. If this is true of us, we may need to find out what are the most common causes of fatigue, to see if we can get our health and vitality back!
When you can’t keep up with your normal routine due to lack of energy, you are probably suffering from one or more of the most common causes of fatigue. If you cannot keep up with your physical routine because you are too tired to carry it out, then you are likely suffering from physical fatigue. If you are having trouble focusing your thoughts or staying awake, then you are likely dealing with emotional fatigue. Any combinations of the above may be manifest as both physical and emotional fatigue. If just reading about it is making you fatigued, read on! There is light at the end of this tunnel. The most common causes of fatigue may be traced to our routine, or our habits in everyday life. So they may be a reflection of our lifestyle, or have emotional or medical aspects to them, or a combination of these factors.
The most common causes of fatigue may be classified as either Physical or Emotional.
The Most Common Causes of Fatigue that are Physical Include:
Stress Depression Grief Extreme physical activity Athletic overtraining Lack of sleep- shift work, night work, Sleep disturbances- insomnia, jetlag, sleep apnea Vitamin or Mineral Deficiencies – Iron (anemia), B12, low Potassium or Magnesium Heat Poisoning or Heatstroke Food poisoning Blood loss Medical treatments, for example radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer Trauma Multitasking/overwork Too much caffeine Food allergies Processed/fast food diet Malnutrition Alcohol abuse Sedentary lifestyle/lack of exercise Obesity Pregnancy Surgical recovery Toxic/ poison overload Adrenal fatigue Low glutathione levels Chronic physical pain Not eating enough- skipping meals Illness – infection or disease that you may know about, or may be undiagnosed may be some of the most common causes of fatigue. Medications – there are several medications that can contribute to the most common causes of fatigue.
The second category of the most common causes of fatigue are emotional.
Here are the Most Common Causes of Fatigue That Are Emotional:
Stress/anxiety Overstimulation Understimulation Information overload Boredom Depression Fear Grief Overachieving Overcommitting Lack of sleep/sleep disturbances Anhedonia- lack of desire or pleasure in life
These are some of the most common causes of fatigue. They can be classified as physical and emotional causes. Some of these most common causes of fatigue may cause both physical and mental fatigue, such as the case with grief, depression, stress, and anxiety. You should always seek out the advice of a medical professional when dealing with excessive or prolonged fatigue.
Brain Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Signs, Diagnosis, Treatments, Stages. Everything You Need to Know About Brain Cancer and Tumors
Posted by admin on March 7th, 2011
Product DescriptionBrain Cancer and Brain Tumor Book.
This Book is for Brain Cancer Patients, family members and friends who would like more information on Brain Cancer and Brain Tumors.
This National Cancer Institute (NCI) booklet is about tumors* that begin in the brain (primary brain tumors). Each year in the United States, more than 35,000 people are told they have a tumor that started in the brain.
This booklet is only about primary brain tumors. Cancer that… More >>
Brain Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Signs, Diagnosis, Treatments, Stages. Everything You Need to Know About Brain Cancer and Tumors
Posted in Chemotherapy Recovery Tags: About, Brain, CANCER, Causes, Diagnosis, Everything, Know, Need, Signs, Stages, Symptoms, Treatments, Tumors Comments OffCancer Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Cancer
Posted by admin on March 4th, 2011
Information about Cancer
Cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases. Cancer occurs when cells become abnormal and keep dividing and forming more cells without control or order, forming a growth or tumor. Benign tumors are NOT cancer; malignant tumors are cancer. Cancer stem cell content and the intrinsic radio sensitivity of cancer stem cells is thought to vary between tumors, thereby affecting their radio curability. Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis.
Symptoms and treatment depend on the cancer type and how advanced it is. Treatment plans may include surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy. Causes Of Cancer Cells are the building blocks of living things. Cancer grows out of normal cells in the body. Normal cells multiply when the body needs them, and die when the body doesn’t. Cancer appears to occur when the growth of cells in the body is out of control and cells divide too rapidly. It can also occur when cells “forget” how to die. There are many different kinds of cancers. Cancer can develop in almost any organ or tissue, such as the lung, colon, breast, skin, bones, or nerve tissue. The mutation in the DNA changes these instructions, so that the cells carry on growing. This causes the cells to reproduce in an uncontrollable manner producing a lump of tissue, known as a tumors.
Types Of Cancer Breast cancer,prostate cancer,lung cancercancer of colon, or rectum,bladder cancer, and ovarian cancer. Symptoms Of Cancer Symptoms of cancer depend on the type and location of the tumor. For example, lung cancer can cause coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain, while colon cancer often causes diarrhea, constipation, and blood in the stool. Local symptoms – these occur when the cancer is contained in one part of your body. changes in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lump in the breast or any other part of the body, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious change in a wart or mole, or nagging cough or hoarseness.
Treatment Of Cancer Treatment also varies based on the type of cancer and its stage. The stage of a cancer refers to how much it has grown and whether the tumor has spread from its original location If the cancer is confined to one location and has not spread, the goal for treatment would be surgery and cure. If the tumor has spread to local lymph nodes only, sometimes these can also be removed. Information about cancer treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, clinical trials, proton therapy, complementary medicine, cutting edge technologies, Surgical Oncology, Targeted Therapies and Vaccine Therapies. Complementary medicine techniques such as acupuncture, meditation, and yoga could be a helpful addition to your regular medical treatment. Includes research on complementary techniques and ways to find qualified practitioners. If all of the cancer cannot be removed with surgery, the options for treatment include radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Some cancers require a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.